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The Trust Utility Doctrine
Wallet ecosystems should not become priced verification tolls. The Trust Utility Doctrine treats business wallets and relying-party acceptance as governed infrastructure for lawful reliance.
Ott Sarv
Feb 28


Business Wallet as Economic Infrastructure for National Governments
Business Wallets can become economic infrastructure when they reduce the unit cost of cross-border trust through verifiable business attributes, lawful authority, mandate gating and enforceable safeguards.
Ott Sarv
Feb 25


Wallet Ecosystems and Priced Trust Transactions
Wallet and exchange ecosystems move fees from paper attestations into priced trust transactions. Governments should fund DPI as always-on capability and price DPF lifecycle events only when they are attributable, auditable and reversible.
Ott Sarv
Feb 6


Donor Wallet, No Cross-Match: Why Policy-Agnostic GovStack Wallets Fail in Government
A GovStack-style wallet can scan perfectly and still fail under public scrutiny. This article defines the Seven Layer cross-match gates for wallet reliance, evidence, recovery and remedy.
Ott Sarv
Sep 10, 2025
Download The Seven Layer Model for Digital Public Infrastructure
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